An empirical study of Thailand cities' color landscapes.

Color landscapes are important parts of cultural landscapes. Cities are cradles of human spiritual and material civilizations. As a city changes, its unique cultural context also changes. One of the most significant features of a city is its color landscapes, which help to convey the culture and spirit of a city in a deeply intuitive way. The color landscapes not only shape a city image, highlights a city personality, and transmits cultural information but it is also an important aid in helping people to perceive regional cultural values and experience folk customs. With these concepts in mind, the researchers of this study have selected three typical tourist cities in Thailand as the basis for an empirical study. Three main findings are discussed: (1) Thailand's city color landscapes tend to consist of pure colors with high saturation, and colorful colors have been integrated into Thai people's daily life, which reflect Thailand's different history and culture. (2) The clearer the attributes of the color landscape, the more pertinent they are to the images of the tourist destination. (3) The geographical environment, local religious beliefs, and tourists' expectations are the main motivating factors in choosing the main colors of a city. City color landscapes have become an important part of Thailand's city tourism "industry" and would promote the development of sustainable tourism.

Paleoecology provides context for conserving culturally and ecologically important pine forest and barrens communities.

In fire-prone ecosystems, knowledge of vegetation-fire-climate relationships and the history of fire suppression and Indigenous cultural burning can inform discussions of how to use fire as a management tool, particularly as climate continues to change rapidly. On Wiisaakodewan-minis/Stockton Island in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore of Wisconsin, USA, structural changes in a pine-dominated natural area containing a globally rare barrens community occurred after the cessation of cultural burning by the Indigenous Ojibwe people and the imposition of fire-suppression policies, leading to questions about the historical role of fire in this culturally and ecologically important area. To help understand better the ecological context needed to steward these pine forest and barrens communities, we developed palaeoecological records of vegetation, fire, and hydrological change using pollen, charcoal, and testate amoebae preserved in peat and sediment cores collected from bog and lagoon sediments within the pine-dominated landscape. Results indicated that fire has been an integral part of Stockton Island ecology for at least 6000 years. Logging in the early 1900s led to persistent changes in island vegetation, and post-logging fires of the 1920s and 1930s were anomalous in the context of the past millennium, likely reflecting more severe and/or extensive burning than in the past. Before that, the composition and structure of pine forest and barrens had changed little, perhaps due to regular low-severity surface fires, which may have occurred with a frequency consistent with Indigenous oral histories (~4-8 years). Higher severity fire episodes, indicated by large charcoal peaks above background levels in the records, occurred predominantly during droughts, suggesting that more frequent or more intense droughts in the future may increase fire frequency and severity. The persistence of pine forest and barrens vegetation through past periods of climatic change indicates considerable ecological resistance and resilience. Future persistence in the face of climate changes outside this historical range of variability may depend in part on returning fire to these systems.

Environmental Adaptation in the Process of Human-Land Relationship in Southeast China's Ethnic Minority Areas and Its Significance on Sustainable Development.

The relationship between regional human development and geographic environment is the basis for dynamic social change, and studying the evolution of human-land relations in typical regions can provide background knowledge for global change studies. This study is based on GIS and spatio-temporal statistical techniques, combined with the analysis of toponymic cultural landscapes, to study ethnic minority regions of southeastern China. The results show that: (1) The geographical environment of the region will affect the naming of villages, and the orientation and family name are the most common; the frequency of plants, pit (keng), animals, and flat (ping) is also very high. (2) Han settlements and She settlements have obvious spatial differentiation, and in general the Han distribution area is lower than that of the She. Han settlements are mainly distributed in plain areas along rivers with elevations less than 200 m; She settlements are mainly distributed in hilly areas (200~500 m) and low mountain areas (500~800 m). (3) The results of quadrat analysis and nearest neighbor index analysis show that both Han and She settlements are clustered in the spatial distribution pattern, and the distribution of She settlements is more clustered than that of Han, with more dense settlements at a certain spatial scale. The regional cultural landscape is the result of the development and evolution of human-land relationship, and the comprehensive analysis of cultural landscape can understand the process of human-land relationship in a small region. The settlements in the region are indicative of the geographic environment in terms of village naming, spatial pattern, elevation differentiation and relationship with rivers, which can reflect the environmental adaptation process of human activities.

What is attractive rural landscape? Differences in the social and expert assessment of the changes in the rural landscape of the Carpathian region in Poland with regard to the need of its protection.

Contemporary villages of the mountain region are subject to uncontrolled structural and spatial transformations, which cause deformation of centuries-old spatial systems of high cultural and natural value. The aim of the study is to confront the opinions of the inhabitants and experts regarding the condition of the cultural landscape of the villages in south-eastern Poland. This area belongs to the Carpathian region of Central Europe. The historical and economic conditions of the studied region, related to the functioning in the post-war period, and then its breakdown and the development of the free market economy, constitute an interesting background for the proposed research. Local communities still remembering the period of difficulties related to the period of systemic transformations, are currently experiencing a relative prosperity, many difficulties related to the period of systemic transformations, are currently experiencing a relative prosperity, which is also expressed in a completely new, previously unknown way of managing the landscape. Investments implemented in villages are associated by the inhabitants with the improvement of the standards and quality of life. They assess them rather positively. An expert assessment of these landscape transformations indicates their negative dimension and the risk of losing timeless values. The discrepancy in the assessment of experts and local residents creates difficulties in the protection of the rural landscape. Therefore, high-quality visual landscape features among rural residents is necessary from the point of view of its multi-faceted and effective protection. Local initiatives and actions in the field of industry policy should play a significant role in this respect by consolidating the images of a harmonious landscape in the public awareness.

[Temporal and spatial evolution of regional cultural landscape under the influence of construction land expansion: A case study of Hanjiang delta in Guangdong, China.] / å»ºè®¾ç”¨åœ°æ‰©å¼ å¯¹åŒºåŸŸæ–‡åŒ–æ™¯è§‚æ—¶ç©ºæ¼”å˜çš„å½±å“­­ä»¥å¹¿ä¸œçœéŸ©æ±Ÿä¸‰è§’洲为例.

Cultural landscapes are the products of combination of natural and human factors with constant change in response to human behavior. Exploring the impacts of construction land expansion on cultural landscapes is the key to understand the formal connotations and value characteristics of human activities interfering with cultural landscapes. In this study, we first classified the cultural landscape of the Hanjiang Delta and then used the landscape index to quantitatively describe the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the cultural landscape from 1980 to 2018. Finally, we analyzed the spatial effect between construction land expansion and the cultural landscape with a spatial panel econometric model. The results showed that a total of seven cultural landscape types were identified at the regional level. From 1980 to 2000, the cultural landscape pattern in the study area changed substantially, with increasing fragmentation, deepening irregularity, and increasing diversity. The proportion of regional construction land increased from 14.8% to 29.9%. The year 2000 was the cut-off point for the rate of construction land expansion, and the chronological characteristics of cultural landscape change coincided with it. There was a spatial dependency between the expansion of construction land and the change of cultural landscape. With the expansion of construction land, the sprawl town landscape in sand dike became the dominant type, and the paddy scattered historical villages, the wetland agglomeration town landscape, and the paddy wetland landscape in net river lowland faced extinction. Construction land expansion affected the local landscape pattern and had spatial spillover effects on neighboring areas. For a particular landscape type, the expansion of construction land led to a general increase in the degree of patch integration and an enhanced landscape agglomeration effect. For different types, this led to a decrease in inter-landscape sprawl, an increase in patch irregularity, and enhanced fragmentation. This study could provide a reference for the human history inheritance and ecological pattern optimization in the Hanjiang Delta.

Sustainable Development Efficiency of Cultural Landscape Heritage in Urban Fringe Based on GIS-DEA-MI, a Case Study of Wuhan, China.

Cultural landscape heritage refers to the rare and irreplaceable cultural landscapes recognized by UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee. It is recognized as a "common works of nature and human beings" of outstanding significance and universal value, and is a type of world heritage. Dueto construction, land isincreasingly limited in urban and rural areasin the process of urbanization, and cultural landscape heritage faces a huge threat, especially larger culturallandscapeheritagelocated at the edgesof cities. However, most of the existing studies have mainly focused on the material protection of heritage but have not paid enough attention to the non-material aspects of heritage sites, failing to reveal the inseparable nature of heritage and land. Therefore, this study takes sustainable development efficiency as its analysis tool, examines two pieces of cultural landscape heritage (the Panlongcheng site and the Tomb of the King of the Ming Dynasty) in the urban edge area of Wuhan, China as examples, innovates and establishes a multidimensional evaluation method based on the GIS-DEA-Ml model, and compares the dynamic changes of the spatial development efficiency and non-spatial development efficiency of the above two cultural landscape heritage cases. The results show that: both the spatial development efficiency and non-spatial development efficiency of Panlongcheng from 2010 to 2019 are significantly higher than that of the Tomb. This method makes up for the deficiency of traditional subjective qualitative analysis. It can be used to study the development efficiency of cultural landscape heritage more objectively and comprehensively, and promote the overall sustainable development of material and intangible cultural heritage. It can provide the basis for early decision-making and post-implementation evaluation for the preservation and utilization of cultural landscape heritage under the background of urban renewal.

Early to mid-Holocene human activity exerted gradual influences on Amazonian forest vegetation.

Humans have been present in Amazonia throughout the Holocene, with the earliest archaeological sites dating to 12 000 years ago. The earliest inhabitants began managing landscapes through fire and plant domestication, but the total extent of vegetation modification remains relatively unknown. Here, we compile palaeoecological records from lake sediments containing charcoal and from pollen analyses to understand how human land-use affected vegetation during the early to mid-Holocene, and place our results in the context of previous archaeological work. We identified gradual, rather than abrupt changes in forest openness, disturbance and enrichment, with useful species at almost all sites. Early human occupations occurred in peripheral sites of Amazonia, where natural fires are part of the vegetation dynamics, so human-made fires did not exert a novel form of disturbance. Synchronicity between evidence of the onset of human occupation in lake records and archaeological sites was found for eastern Amazonia. For southwestern and western Amazonia and the Guiana Shield, the timing of the onset of human occupation differed by thousands of years between lake records and archaeological sites. Plant cultivation showed a different spatio-temporal pattern, appearing ca 2000 years earlier in western Amazonia than in other regions. Our findings highlight the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of Amazonia and indicate that the region cannot be treated as one entity when assessing ecological or cultural history. This article is part of the theme issue 'Tropical forests in the deep human past'.

Local traditional ecological knowledge about hay management practices in wetlands of the Biebrza Valley, Poland.

BACKGROUND: The Biebrza Valley is one of the largest complexes of wetlands (floodplain and percolation mire) and conservation sites in Central Europe. Local communities have managed the area extensively for subsistence and farming purposes for centuries; nonetheless, since the 1960s, hand mowing and livestock grazing have been gradually ceasing due to the intensification of farming, and wetlands have undergone natural succession. Currently, the protection of this vast ecosystem is challenging. Despite its remarkable cultural origin, the complexity of the traditional practices and knowledge of local people have never been studied comprehensively. Therefore, we found it urgent to explore if traditional ecological knowledge that could be used in conservation management of the area still exists among the local community. METHODS: We interviewed 42 inhabitants of seven villages located in the Lower Basin of the Biebrza Valley (NE-Poland) in the consecutive years 2018-2020. We applied semi-structured, repeated interviews with farmers (aged 29-89), each lasting several hours. By using different ethnoecological methods (visual stimuli, walks in wetlands, co-mapping of the area), we explored traditional knowledge on the plants, landscape and traditional management of wetlands. RESULTS: Farmers from the oldest generation, who used to manage wetlands with scythes, shared the deepest ecological knowledge. Local people divided wetlands into zones differentiated by vegetation type and hay quality. Depending on plant composition, people managed wetlands under a mixed regime: mowing once or twice a year during periods that ensured good hay quality and pasturing various livestock: cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and fowl. We identified at least 50 plant ethnospecies, which were described exhaustively by their habitat, morphological features, and mowing and grazing value. CONCLUSIONS: The local community in the Biebrza Valley shared a deep traditional ecological knowledge and had a good memory of traditional farming practices. Research confirmed the unquestionable cultural origin of the local ecosystem, therefore in conservation endeavours the area should be treated first and foremost as a cultural landscape. The documented exceptional local perception of the wetland landscape, elements of traditional knowledge and complex farming practices should be considered for inclusion into conservation management, and cooperation with the local community should also be taken into account.

Trees, shrubs and herbs of the coastal Myrtaceae swamp forest (Región de La Araucanía, Chile): a dataset.

BACKGROUND: Species lists are fundamental for knowledge of species diversity in regions subject to intense anthropogenic pressure, especially in poorly-studied ecosystems. The dataset comes from an inventory conducted in 30 fragments of Myrtaceae swamp forest, located in an agroforestry matrix landscape of the coastal La Araucanía Region in Chile. The data collection was carried out using line transect sampling, which was traced through the core of each fragment orientated towards its longest axis. The dataset provides a record of 55 species (24 trees, 1 vine [as a host], 16 herbs and 15 shrubs) including accidental epiphytes (n = 7), hemiparasites (n = 4), host (n = 10) and additionally woody debris (n = 36). The most frequent trees in the landscape were Myrceugenia exsucca (n = 36 records) and Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (n = 33 records), species that were also the most common hosts. Drimys winteri was a companion species, other trees and shrubs generally being rarely observed, as was the case of the introduced species (Prunus avium, Rubus constrictus and Ulex europaeus). Branches were the most common microhabitat for hemiparasites. Within this group, Lepidoceras chilense was the most frequent species. For accidental epiphytes, Drimys winteri, which commonly grows on the ground (soil), were the most common species found in the main trunk crotch. Some unusual observations were the climber Cissus striata as host of Tristerix corymbosus (hemiparasite) and Tristerix corymbosus as host of Lepidoceras chilense (hemiparasite). NEW INFORMATION: This study represents a landscape-scale sample of the swamp forest, which is distributed in a dispersed pattern over a large stretch of Chile. The data were collected from 30 forest patches (from 0.05 to 936 ha), located on the coast of the Araucanía. The database includes the presence of 55 species of vascular plants in 356 records. The main novelty of this contribution is the systematic classification of species under six traits, never before reported in the same database: (i) condition (coarse woody debris, fallen log, live, snag), (ii) habit (herb, shrub, tree), (iii) growth microhabitat (e.g. tree trunk, branch, main trunk crotch), (iv) growth form (accidental epiphyte, hemiparasite, terricolous, vegetative), (v) host species (as appropriate) and (vi) relative location of the species in the sampled patch and surrounding areas (core, border, matrix). Species not previously observed in these forests were: Gavilea spp., Hieracium spp., Lophosoria quadripinnata, Berberis actinacantha, Gaultheria phillyreifolia, Ovidia pillo-pillo, Amomyrtus meli and Caldcluvia paniculata. In addition, two introduced species are novelties for the catalogue of vascular plants of Chile (Cupressus macrocarpa and Prunus avium). Several of these ecosystem traits are indeed new reports for these types of forests (e.g. accidental epiphytes, fallen logs, species-host relationship); at the same time, more frequent data (i.e. species composition, habit) are found in different contributions, making the comprehensive process of analysis difficult. Accordingly, the database is made available in this manuscript.

Construção do patrimônio cultural e produção de memóriasem São Francisco do Sul-SC / Cultural heritage and the production of memories in São Francisco do Sul-SC

Neste estudo apresentamos os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada no interior de Santa Cata-rina em que o objetivo principal foi analisar o processo de construção do patrimônio cultural do Centro Histórico e investigar sentidos produzidos por habitantes sobre a experiência de viver na cidade patrimônio cultural. A pesquisa de cunho etnográfico utilizou os seguintes procedimen-tos metodológicos: caminhadas na cidade, análise de documentos, visitas aos museus e ao es-critório do IPHAN e conversas com moradores. Reconhecemos que o que se pretendeu na déca-da de 80, o que se tinha interesse em preservar foi preservado: a paisagem cultural. Porém, a pesquisa analisou os mecanismos e estratégias de construção de memórias e de representações da história. Consideramos que a paisagem arquitetônica participa da produção do território e da dinâmica do tecido urbano, e no caso desta investigação, contribuiu para a construção de percursos e fluxos no trânsito pela cidade e participa na produção subjetiva de seus moradores.(AU)

In this study we present the results of a research carried out in the interior of Santa Catarina in which the main objective was to analyze the process of building the cultural heritage of the Historic Center and to investigate meanings produced by inhabitants about the experience of living in the city cultural heritage. The ethnographic research used the following methodolog-ical procedures: walks in the city, analysis of documents, visits to museums and the IPHAN of-fice and conversations with residents. We recognize that what was intended in the 1980’s, what was interested in preserving was preserved: the cultural landscape. However, the re-search analyzed the mechanisms and strategies for building memory and representations of history. We consider that the architectural landscape participates in the production of the territory and the dynamics of the urban fabric, in turn, contributes to the construction of routes and flows in the traffic through the city and participates in the subjective production of its residents.(AU)

Participatory mapping of cultural ecosystem services for landscape corridor planning: A case study of the Silk Roads corridor in Zhangye, China.

Cultural landscape corridors provide opportunities for recreation and other cultural ecosystem services (CES). Currently, many local governments are preparing cultural landscape corridor (CLC) proposals along China's Silk Roads, which include many notable features of historical human activity and communication between different cultures. However, public values and perceptions of these projects have been largely excluded from the planning processes. This study presents a spatial pattern analysis of public perceptions of the impact of a CLC in Zhangye, China. CES were used as a framework for participatory mapping, interviews, and a structured survey of public perceptions, and correspondence analysis was used to identify resident perceptions of the corridor's expected impact, especially as related to CES. Our results show that aesthetic values, cultural heritage values, and recreation were valued most highly. These values varied according to respondents' employment and land-use rights. The riverside was the most highest-valued area for CES. Respondents expressed concerns about the project's potentially negative impact, especially on the spiritual values of land. These concerns could be the source of conflict during project implementation. We conclude that linking participatory mapping with CES has the potential to improve corridor proposals and assist in the management of conflicts between planners and public stakeholders.

Transformation of urban landscape value perception over time: a Delphi technique application.

The developments in information technologies have changed the values shared in the urban society and the urban dwellers' profile over time. The projects and applications that will enable the cities to reach the standards of the modern world cities have been compulsory. The concept of urban transformation has been put forward in order to solve the problems that arise in the cities and to increase the quality of life of the urban dwellers. The quality of the social and physical structure determines the quality of life in urban areas. Urban natural and cultural landscape value concepts have a broad context which includes many tangible and intangible components of the cities. Urban landscape values are the strongest factors in determining and influencing the quality of urban life due to their scope. In this study, urban landscape values of today's cities on the basis of changing social, ecological, economic, and cultural norms have been determined by gathering the opinion of 13 experts through Delphi technique. In addition, the possible effects of urban renewal applications on urban landscape values were also determined by the data gathered. At the end of the study, 15 natural and 20 cultural urban landscape values were determined and it was concluded that the urban renewal applications have a direct impact on the natural and cultural landscape values of an urban area. As a result of the study, we identified the perception of natural and cultural urban landscape values in the cities under the influence of globalization in accordance with the purpose of the study and discussed the possible effects of urban transformation practices on natural and cultural urban landscape values ​in cities with a dynamic structure and in constant interaction with the living society. In addition to creating resources for subsequent similar studies, the present study also presents the urban parameters which must be taken into account in all processes including design, implementation, and monitoring stages together starting from the planning stage of urban transformation practices.

Challenges to Build up a Collaborative Landscape Management (CLM)-Lessons from a Stakeholder Analysis in Germany.

Traditional cultural landscapes are of special value not only for reasons of nature conservation and high species diversity but also because they intersect with the identity of local communities, support recreation and tourism, and preserve cultural heritage. Structural changes in rural areas threaten these unique sceneries and environments in Europe and worldwide. As a result, the question of how to maintain and manage cultural landscapes where economic benefits are not assured has become a priority in science and in practice. Considering this context, community-based collaborative landscape management (CLM) can be considered an innovative and promising approach. This paper presents results from a stakeholder analysis examining the preconditions and opportunities for initiating a CLM in the biosphere reserve known as 'Spreewald'. The results indicate that due to the type of problem (landscape change)-which is characterised by complexity, beneficial linkages to a multitude of actor groups, and broad problem awareness-CLM appears to be feasible. However, other preconditions related to social relationships among actor groups, questions of legitimate coordination and the collaborative capacity of the community are not met, thus reducing the likelihood of success. To address these challenges, we discuss the potential of transdisciplinary processes (TD) to assist local communities in establishing such a collaborative problem-solving and management approach. We show that TD is highly valuable and supportive during this critical stage of emerging collaboration.

Contrasting vegetation states do not diverge in soil organic matter storage: evidence from historical sites in tundra.

Ecosystems where severe disturbance has induced permanent shifts in vegetation and soil processes may represent alternative stable states. To date, little is known on how long-lasting changes in soil processes are following such disturbances, and how the changes in plant and soil processes between the alternative states eventually manifest themselves in soil organic matter (SOM) storage. Here, we analyzed plant density, the shrub : forb ratio, microbial respiration, extracellular enzyme activities and SOM stocks in soils of subarctic tundra and historical milking grounds, where reindeer herding induced a vegetation transition from deciduous shrubs to graminoids several centuries earlier but were abandoned a century ago. This provides the possibility to compare sites with similar topography, but highly contrasting vegetation for centuries. We found that enzymatic activities and N:P stoichiometry differed between control and disturbed sites, confirming that culturally induced vegetation shifts exert lasting impacts on tundra soil processes. Transition zones, where shrubs had encroached into the historical milking grounds during the past 50 yr, indicated that microbial activities for N and P acquisition changed more rapidly along a vegetation shift than those for microbial C acquisition. Although plant and soil processes differed between control and disturbed sites, we found no effect of historical vegetation transition on SOM stock. Across the study sites, soil SOM stocks were correlated with total plant density but not with the shrub : forb ratio. Our finding that SOM stock was insensitive to a centennial difference in plant community composition suggests that, as such, grazing-induced alternative vegetation states might not necessarily differ in SOM sequestration.

Tracing chronological shifts in farmland demarcation trees in southwestern Japan: implications from species distribution patterns, folk nomenclature, and multiple usage.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the history of anthropogenic vegetation is often difficult due to the lack of tangible historical evidence. In this study, we examined chronological changes of farmland demarcation trees planted on alluvial plains along the Hijikawa River in southwestern Japan based on species distribution patterns, folk nomenclature, and multiple usage of the trees. METHODS: The species composition of demarcation trees was investigated at 47 sites in 13 villages. We performed hierarchical clustering using Bray-Curtis measures to detect groups of similar tree composition and permutational multivariate analysis of variance to test whether differences in species composition correspond to village units. To better understand the traditional knowledge of demarcation trees, we conducted interviews with 53 farmers, most of whom were over 60 years old. RESULTS: Clustering resulted in six tree composition groups. The group characterized by the most frequently planted species, Chaenomeles speciosa, dominated around lower reach villages. The group characterized by Euonymus japonicus dominated around middle reach villages, and that characterized by Salix pierotii was mainly located around upper reach villages. Chaenomeles speciosa was always identified with the standard Japanese name boke or similar names. Euonymus japonicus and several other species were also called boke by many farmers. Several elderly farmers stated that C. speciosa was pervasive in upper and middle reach villages in their youth, suggesting the prototypical use of C. speciosa in the study area. In addition, some minor species were likely to have been left after commercial crop production or subsistence use between the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, including Morus sp. and Celtis sinensis for sericulture, Salix koriyanagi for fiber production, and Gardenia jasminoides for food coloration. The name koshin bana recorded for E. japonicus suggests that the species' use originated from the folk faiths Koshin-shinko and/or Shomen-Kongo. CONCLUSIONS: The composition of demarcation trees in the region has not been stable over time, but instead changed to reflect the local livelihood, industry, and faiths. Despite the lack of tangible historical evidence, the spatial distribution patterns, folk nomenclature, and traditional knowledge of plants can provide clues to trace the chronological background of ecotopes in anthropogenic landscapes.

Frozen Histories or Narratives of Change? Contextualizing Land-Use Dynamics for Conservation of Historical Rural Landscapes.

Current research has identified extensive changes in land-use structure and land management of Central European rural landscapes due to shifting political and economic trajectories. These changes are exemplified by diverse processes of agricultural intensification, privatization and land fragmentation, land abandonment and overall changes in modes of production. The extensive record of these historically specific processes has posed a fundamental challenge for rural landscape conservation, which is addressed in this paper. First, we identify the key contradictions in rural landscape conservation, which include (i) conservation based on cultural versus environmental/ecological values, (ii) conservation based on spatial landscape patterns versus individual landscape features, and (iii) conservation based on the preservation of past landscapes versus conservation that also address the processes of change. Subsequently, we use a case study of an existing open-air museum in Zubrnice, northern Czechia, to analyze and discuss these dichotomies. In this regional case study, we first contextualize the land-use/land-cover change (LULC) reconstructed from old maps using a thorough archive (documentary proxies) and field research (survey of agrarian terraces, clearance cairns, and remnants of orchards) that enabled the construction of a narrative of specific landscape structures and features. Finally, we integrate the collected data with a novel methodological approach that allow for the spatial identification of the landscape segments that represent the narratives of historical change in modes of rural production and are therefore suitable for integration within the existing open-air museum to improve its conservation and education status.

Losing a heritage hedgerow landscape. Biocultural diversity conservation in a changing social-ecological Mediterranean system.

Traditional rural landscapes host a biocultural heritage acquired by rural societies, developed in a secular adaptation with nature. Hedgerows play a key role in preserving biocultural diversity and associated ecosystem services. Despite their benefits, in some European regions inappropriate hedge management has led to a drastic degradation of hedgerows, with significant effects on natural and biocultural diversity, landscape connectivity and sustainable flow of ecosystem services. In Central Spain, an ancient hedgerow landscape constitutes a valuable natural and cultural heritage recognized by the establishment of different protection categories. We quantify the main tendency of change of this landscape over time, detecting a process of rural social-ecological decoupling both inside and outside protected areas. The hedgerow network has progressively been degraded and destructured together with the decline and local extinction of woody species, all of them of traditional use and some recorded in red lists for species conservation. This reveals weaknesses in the design and management plans of protected areas that should be effective in conserving the heritage of cultural landscapes and their valuable biocultural diversity and provision of ecosystem services. There is a need to elaborate regulations for the protection of hedgerow landscapes in the Spanish legislation, based on social-ecological relationships.

Configuración de la migración interna en la región del Paisaje Cultural Cafetero de Colombia / Configuration of internal migration in the region of the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia / “O pequeno monstro”: Mafalda, gerações e gênero em uma construção mítica

El documento describe cómo han sido los patrones de migración interna en los municipios que conforman la región del Paisaje Cultural Cafetero de Colombia, tomando como referencia los movimientos recientes de población a partir del censo general de 2005 realizado por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Se usaron algunas representaciones cartográficas y sociogramas para mostrar las redes de movilidad, los sentidos y la magnitud de los flujos migratorios. Los resultados indican ciertas tendencias de recomposición poblacional que debilitan la estructura demográfica en algunos municipios al tiempo que se refuerza el efecto de concentración urbana de las ciudades principales y las zonas conurbadas. Los focos receptores de migrantes son especialmente las ciudades capitales de la región y los distritos urbanos de Medellín, Bogotá y algunos municipios del Valle y el Tolima.

The paper describes some attributes concerning the internal migration patterns in the municipalities located in a specific Colombian region known as the Coffee Cultural Landscape. The recent moves from the general population census of 2005 conducted by the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística were taken into account. Sociograms and cartographic representations were used to show mobility networks, senses and magnitude of migration flows. The results indicate some trends associated with the population rebuilding phenomenon. On the one hand, they are able to languish the demographic structure in some municipalities while, at the other hand, the effect of urban concentration and its conurbations in major cities is reinforced. The main receptor focuses of migrants are especially concentered in the capital cities of the region and at the urban districts of Medellín, Bogotá and some municipalities of Valle and Tolima.

O documento descreve como têm sido os padrões de migração interna nos municípios que compõem a região da Paisagem Cultural Cafeeira da Colômbia, tendo como referente as recentes movimentações de população de acordo com o censo geral de 2005 feito pelo Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Assim, foram usadas algumas representações cartográficas e sociogramas para mostrar as redes de mobilidade, os sentidos e a magnitude dos fluxos migratórios. Os resultados mostram certas inclinações de recomposição populacional, que por um lado languidescem a estrutura demográfica em alguns municípios enquanto é reforçado o efeito de concentração urbana das cidades principais e as zonas conurbadas. Os focos receptores de migrantes são especialmente as cidades capitais da região e os distritos urbanos de Medellin, Bogotá e alguns municípios do Valle e o Tolima.

Framing the relationship between people and nature in the context of European conservation.

A key controversy in conservation is the framing of the relationship between people and nature. The extent to which the realms of nature and human culture are viewed as separate (dualistic view) or integrated is often discussed in the social sciences. To explore how this relationship is represented in the practice of conservation in Europe, we considered examples of cultural landscapes, wildlife (red deer, reindeer, horses), and protected area management. We found little support, for a dualistic worldview, where people and nature are regarded as separate in the traditional practice of conservation in Europe. The borders between nature and culture, wild and domestic, public land and private land, and between protected areas and the wider landscape were blurred and dynamic. The institutionalized (in practice and legislation) view is of an interactive mutualistic system in which humans and nature share the whole landscape. However, more dualistic ideals, such as wilderness and rewilding that are challenging established practices are expanding. In the context of modern day Europe, wilderness conservation and rewilding are not valid for the whole landscape, although it is possible to integrate some areas of low-intervention management into a wider matrix. A precondition for success is to recognize and plan for a plurality of values concerning the most valid approaches to conservation and to plan for this plurality at the landscape scale.

Enmarcando la Relación entre las Personas y la Naturaleza en el Contexto de la Conservación en Europa Resumen Una controversia clave en la conservación es el marco de la relación entre las personas y la naturaleza. En las ciencias sociales se discute con frecuencia el alcance al cual los reinos de la naturaleza y la cultura humana son vistos como separados (visión dualista) o íntegros. Para explorar cómo se representa esta relación en la práctica de la conservación en Europa consideramos ejemplos de paisajes culturales, vida silvestre (ciervos rojos, renos, caballos) y manejo de áreas protegidas. Encontramos poco apoyo, para una visión dual global, en donde las personas y la naturaleza son vistos como separados en la práctica tradicional de la conservación en Europa. Las fronteras entre la naturaleza y la cultura, lo silvestre y lo doméstico, el suelo público y el suelo privado, y entre las áreas protegidas y el terreno en conjunto, fueron dinámicas y borrosas. La visión institucionalizada (en la práctica y en la legislación) es de un sistema mutualista interactivo en el cual los humanos y la naturaleza comparten todo el terreno. Sin embargo, se están expandiendo más ideales dualistas, como la naturaleza y la reintroducción, los cuales están obstaculizando a las prácticas establecidas. En el contexto de la Europa contemporánea, la conservación de la naturaleza y la reintroducción no son válidas para todo el terreno, aunque es posible integrar algunas áreas de manejo de baja intervención a una matriz más amplia. Un prerrequisito para el éxito es reconocer y planear una pluralidad de valores con respecto a las estrategias de conservación en la escala de paisaje.